corresponds to NCS

The system boundary is the edge of the forest. The precisely designated forest area is the geographical definition of the project (location and size). The project area is to be defined by maps, coordinates, or other clear descriptions. In case of inaccuracies in the area definition, conservative values are to be assumed.&#x20

Areas that meet the legal requirements for forest definition are eligible. Furthermore, isolated small areas with an area less than 0.5 hectares are conservatively excluded from the project area. If an economic connection between such an area and other forest areas can be demonstrated, it can still be considered.&#x20

Bare areas, permanently unstocked and unproductive areas are not eligible for the project area.&#x20

corresponds to NCS

Leakage are negative external effects. This means here that a reduction in use in the forest at one location must not be compensated by an increase in use at another location. Internal leakage concerns the forest owner himself. External leakage, usually referred to as market leakage, can also occur at geographically further distances.

Internal leakage: Leakage in the narrow sense is avoided by a forest owner having to consider his entire forest in the project in the case of managed forest. The exclusion of areas must be justified and must be conservative with respect to the C-balance. For example: non-inventoried yield boundary areas, areas up for sale, large damaged areas according to chap.

External leakage: It is fundamentally not excluded that more timber may be felled elsewhere due to the sink project. However, the timber market is often interconnected both globally and nationally. The project results in an underutilisation of the sustainable use potential at project level. As long as national use remains below what is sustainably possible, no leakage can be attributed to the individual project. Only when this utilisation potential is exceeded does a possible causal connection begin.

It must be demonstrated that the national utilisation amount of the country where the project is located is lower than the utilisation potential in the accounting year (calamity years are excluded). In this case, leakage is assumed to be zero. Otherwise, a 10% leakage must be deducted. If the utilisation quantity for the accounting year is not yet known, the following applies: If the difference between the national utilisation volume and the utilisation potential did not fall below 10% the previous year, this value can be used as a proxy

The non-consideration of soil carbon means an underestimation of the sink performance. This underestimation contains an additional buffer for potential external leakage effects.

corresponds to NCS

In the baseline scenario, it is determined how the forest would be managed without a climate protection project and how this would affect stockholding. Historical considerations show that the intensity of use and thus the stockholding can change significantly over decades and centuries. Economic considerations also do not allow for a reliable forecast of future timber use and stockholding.

The baseline scenario corresponds to usual practice and thus does not constitute a voluntary commitment that would force the forest owner to limited forest use and increased timber stockholding.

A moderate use scenario, which is conservatively within the silvicultural and legal scope and corresponds to usual practice, is assumed as the baseline scenario. It is either defined by an average inventory at the end of the project term, as presented in scientific yield table models according to tree species and site quality, or it is demonstrated by other recognised quantities of target inventories (e.g., in continuous cover forests) or operational considerations, such as determinations contained in the management plan. It should be noted that operational considerations may change.

Yield tables such as Ref. 09a represent idealised sustainable utilisation concepts for various tree species and growth conditions (site quality), which ideally specify the growth as a guideline for utilisation, as well as a corresponding equilibrium stock. Yield tables are suitable for determining the reference scenario in so far as they are growth-related and not value-related. They reflect a management aimed at optimal mass yield. The use of yield tables is conservative. On one hand, the yield level is higher today than depicted therein (Ref. 09). On the other hand, today utilisation concepts are especially advocated in spruce, which assume significantly shorter rotation periods and thus lower average inventories (Ref. 41). In other words, the legal and silvicultural scope would allow significantly lower average inventories than indicated in the yield tables.

Examples for Switzerland include the yield tables of the WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research 1983: Yield tables EAFV 1983, Ref. 7, Ref. 8) or for Germany the auxiliary tables for forest management in Baden-Württemberg (Ref 9, 9a). The use of yield tables is conservative. These were developed in the 1960s-70s. Afterwards, especially in the 1990s, the yield level increased significantly, meaning the yield tables underestimated the actual growth. Studies in Baden-Württemberg show underestimations for spruce of up to 40%, for beech up to 20% (Ref. 9). This underestimation has meanwhile been slowed down by climate warming, but is still significantly present. For continuous cover forests, ideal average inventories (target inventories) are indicated in the literature for certain forest types.

In contrast to the project scenario, the timber stock is not additionally increased or secured in the baseline scenario. Thus, the baseline scenario has a poorer CO₂ balance than the project goal.

The baseline scenario is depicted as the compensation line from initial stock at the start of the project duration to normal stock (target stock) at the end of the project duration.

The graphic shows example scenarios for a natural forest reserve, with a doubling of the stock according to conservative model assumptions (baseline scenario = constant stock (light blue), project scenario = stock build-up (dark blue)).

corresponds to NCS

The legal framework for forest management in Europe generally requires that forests be managed in a way that allows them to continuously and unrestrictedly fulfil their functions.

Risk minimisation in natural forest reserves

The provisions of NCS Chap. apply. to ensure the integrity of the project register.

"Official" Reserves: subsidies for establishing forest reserves are intended to promote biodiversity. There are contracts with the state or other long-term commitments on a public-law basis. Examples of this in Germany are compensation areas with eco-points or compensations in Switzerland. The term is at least 50 years. Natural forest reserves with institutional status can be implemented as individual projects by the owners or within an IIFM project and within a programme. In the case of official protection status, additional official assurance of the project is provided.

In the event of the abolition of a natural forest reserve, the climate integrity must be maintained by continuing without official status, otherwise by compensation for the cancelled VERs.

Natural forest reserves with and without "official" status set up according to Chap. introduces a monitoring system that confirms the protection status for each monitoring period.

The provisions of the NCS chapter apply. .&#x20

It is possible that the achieved emission reductions are also reported elsewhere. The countries account for the change in the carbon stock in the forest up to a defined maximum in the national climate balance (commitment market Ref. 37, 40). States typically do this without allowing forest owners to share in the equivalent value

Conditions for excluding double counting (partly based on Ref. 69)

1. Direct proof that the risk of double counting is avoided (contribution claim) or deposit with a recognised second certificate or

2. Retirement of a corresponding amount of VER in the national accounting system or

3. A relevant confirmation from the competent authority of the host country regarding double counting, such as Ref. 39 for Switzerland

Regarding 1: Documentation for non-use of VER for compensation (contribution claim) or deposit with a second certificate must be provided no later than at the sale.

Regarding 2: The general exclusion of DC, for example by confirmation from the competent authority of a country, must be available at verification.

Regarding 3: In the context of the retirement of a corresponding amount of VER in the national accounting system, a letter from the competent authority is adequate to indicate the possibility of retirement. Verification whether this has occurred is done no later than the next verification.

The method of preventing double counting is recorded in the project register and is a matter for subsequent verifications (collection of FAR for subsequent verifications).

corresponds to NCS

The project start is defined by concrete activities to promote the sink performance and by the documented intention to commit.

The project duration is at least 50 years. According to the model assumptions (see "Determination of sink performance in natural forest reserves"), the stock doubles in about 40 years.

The monitoring period is 1 to 5 years.

The project operator commits to maintaining a stock level higher than the "normal" wood stock for the duration of the climate protection project, by building up stock and/or guaranteeing that a certain stock level is not fallen below.

If the project assumptions are based on an inventory, then a new inventory must be conducted no later than after 15 years (inventory date), in the mountains after 20 years. The deadline can be extended if a new inventory is carried out within five years of the project being validated according to this method. If the project assumptions are not based on an inventory, such an inventory must be carried out within five years.

The reference scenario is periodically, but at the latest within the framework of the new inventory, checked for its validity. In the case of exceptional events such as calamities, if it is assumed that the project assumptions are no longer valid and could affect already issued certificates, the project owner is obliged to report this to the registry organisation, so that it can stop the project from selling certificates if necessary. The project assumptions are also reviewed in the event of forest damage exceeding one year's harvesting rate.

If the new inventory shows lower storage values than previously reported, the corresponding amounts must be entered negatively in the project register. For measures to minimise risk, the conditions in chapter 6.6 apply.

Projects of the two methods "Method for Climate Protection Projects in Forests for Switzerland" and "SILVACONSULT® Forest Carbon Standard" are transferred into this method as part of the monitoring.

6.4.1. Purpose of Monitoring

Natural forest reserves: For forest reserves with a duration of at least 50 years, emission reductions (sink performance) are determined ex-ante based on model assumptions. The monitoring method consists of monitoring the non-use of wood on the reserve area. This means checking that the conditions according to MCPFE are met and no wood is actually used.

The same regulations apply for old-growth wood islands. When establishing and accounting for old-growth wood islands, recognised principles must be observed such as the "Selection criteria for old-growth wood islands, recommendations for delineation and assessment of old-growth wood islands".

Thibault L. et al. 2010: Selection criteria for old-growth wood islands Recommendations for delisting and assessment of old-growth wood islands. Eid. Research Institute WSL 77 p., (Ref. 15)

The areas of natural forest reserves are considered separately from other project areas.

6.4.2. Types of data and information to be provided in the report, including units of measurement

Project area in hectares, accurate to 0.1 ha, or rounded down to the whole ha value.

Carbon storage as in chap. 6.3.

The additional standing total tree biomass in tCO₂, derived from the standing living timber stock in m3/ha by tree species or species groups, is credited. The other storage types are conservatively excluded from crediting.

Timber stock: The standing wood stock is specified in m3 and converted to tCO₂e living tree biomass.

Increment: The increment in m3 is converted to tCO₂e living tree biomass.

Use: Use is relinquished in natural forest reserves.

6.4.3. Origin of the Data

The origin of the data is declared in each case. Stock and growth data come from measured inventories or model assumptions. The area from operational planning / GIS analysis. Model assumptions from literature.

6.4.4. Monitoring methodologies, including estimation, simulation, measurement, and calculation approaches and uncertainty

The sink capacity is quantified and described in chapter 6.3.&#x20

Sink performance The sink performance is determined by tree species or species groups. Generally recognised values from the literature for the parameters wood density, carbon content and biomass expansion must be used.

Timber stock The timber stock is determined through acknowledged methods of forest inventory in m3 standing stem wood. The results must be documented including the specification of the traceable accuracy. See chapter 6.3.1. When estimating the stock, the estimation parameters must be recognised and conservatively applied. The timber stock is recorded by tree species or groups of species and converted to the living tree biomass using recognised factors.

Use Use is relinquished in natural forest reserves.

Increment The increment is determined or estimated on the basis of sampling inventories. Recognised methods must be used. In the case of estimates, the conservative approach must be considered.

Mortality Mortality is not synonymous with the immediate release of bound carbon. Mortality is recorded in the stock change method or within the framework of inventories.

According to Ref. 18, for example, productive forest land in Switzerland totals 1.11 million ha, of which medium to long term 10% are excluded from commercial use as reserves.

Leakage control parameter The total utilisation of the land may not exceed the value of the potentially possible utilisation (minus project sink performances) to assume leakage = zero, (see chap. 6.5).

6.4.5. Monitoring frequency taking into account the needs of the intended users

The monitoring period extends over the entire project duration of 50 years in natural forest reserves. The individual monitoring periods (ex-post) can last between 1 and 5 years. Monitoring must be maintained throughout the project duration.

6.4.6. Roles and responsibilities in the context of monitoring

The project owner ensures that monitoring is conducted properly (self-management, programme manager, external body).

6.4.7. Controls and internal data checks

Recognised quality assurance methods must be ensured for the acquisition and processing of relevant data.

6.4.8. Management systems for information on greenhouse gases, including storage location and retention of stored data

The project owner ensures that the data are stored properly (self-management, programme manager, external body).

6.4.9 Reporting on the climate protection project

The applicant of the project must create a greenhouse gas report (monitoring report) and make it available to the intended users. The greenhouse gas report must

• identify the intended application and the intended user of the greenhouse gas report and

• have a structure and content that meet the needs of the intended user.

Information that applies to multiple projects in a programme can be maintained by the programme organisation and does not need to be recorded anew for each project.

6.4.6.2. Parameters to be monitored

6.4.6.3. Fixed parameter

corresponds to NCS

Forests are greenhouse gas reservoirs (carbon reservoirs). They can be both sources and sinks of greenhouse gases.

Relevant greenhouse gas reservoirs in the forest:

• Above-ground living biomass (trees, shrubs, soil vegetation)

• Below-ground living biomass (roots of trees, shrubs, soil vegetation)

• Deadwood (from trees and shrubs, standing and lying) 10-30% of total biomass

• Litter layer (partially decomposed biomass lying on the ground)

• Soil carbon (mineralised C component in the soil)

In principle, all greenhouse gas reservoirs can be considered by measuring or estimating them through reliable models. For reasons of practicability, the non-tree biomass, deadwood, litter layer, and soil carbon can be omitted. This is conservative because these reservoirs are aligned with the wood stock or negligible in amount (above-ground non-tree biomass, soil vegetation).

Greenhouse gas emissions, for example. from burning of logging residues, tillage, artificial fertilizers, and emissions from the decomposition of N-binding species cannot be identified as caused by the project. These emissions, associated with wood utilisation and stand establishment, tend to decrease due to project activities (reduced wood utilisation). Therefore, it is conservative that such emissions are not considered as baseline or project emissions for the method.

The reservoir (wood stock) is influenced by the following dynamic parameters:

• Utilisation (source)

• Growth (sink)

• Mortality / Risk (source)

6.3.1 Carbon sources, sinks and reservoirs controlled by the project operator

The main C reservoir is the living tree biomass, which is directly influenced by the project owner through wood utilisation. The wood stock is conservatively assumed to be the normal stock. determined. It is then inferred to the entire tree biomass using the relevant conversion factors.

Yield and stock models always refer to the living wood stock (above ground). For the conversion from the living standing wood stock to the biomass of the entire tree, there are corresponding conversion factors (root to shoot ratio, Biomass Expansion Factors BEF, e.g. Ref. 06).

Project emissions are emissions of greenhouse gases generated by the project, such as harvesting or planting work, construction and maintenance of roads, transport, planning and control trips by the forester as well as biodiversity measures. These emissions are lower or at most equal to those of normal management when adapted management is applied. In forest reserves, most of these emissions are eliminated because no harvesting takes place.

Therefore, project emissions in this methodology are conservatively assumed to be zero.

6.3.2 Carbon sources, sinks and reservoirs associated with the climate protection project

Non-tree biomass (shrubs, soil vegetation, litter layer) is not accounted for in natural forest reserves. Non-tree biomass is negligible in comparison to tree biomass.

Deadwood can constitute a significant portion of the biomass in natural-like forest stands. The proportion of deadwood increases with the age and wood stock of the forest stands, often due to many years of non-utilisation. The stock of deadwood is aligned with the standing living wood stock. Decomposition is very slow. Over the project duration, thick trunks do not rot completely. It is conservative not to consider deadwood in the project. In natural forest reserves, deadwood is not accounted for.

Soil Carbon

In forests of the temperate zones, soil carbon accounts for half to two-thirds of the total carbon (Ref. 27, 40, 54, 65 cited in Ref. 64). A certain underestimation results from the fact that more carbon is stored under large trees than between the trees (Ref. 59). Usually, the soil carbon between the trees is measured. In addition, in natural forests, carbon continues to accumulate in the soil over centuries Ref. 28. A literature review on this can be found in Ref. 66 considering Ref. 58, 59, 60, 61, 67.

On normal sites, there is about the same amount of carbon in the soil as in the living biomass (Ref. 10, 40). For every tonne of CO₂ bound in the trees, another tonne is to be expected in the soil. The storage is aligned with the living biomass. The soil carbon is not considered in the project.

6.3.3 Determination of living tree biomass from the wood stock (reservoir)

Recognised methods of wood stock inventory are applied, usually on a sample basis with defined accuracy for tree species and/or tree species groups. Inventory procedures at different times must be identical or conservative to each other to avoid overestimations of sink capacity. A standard error of no more than 5% is allowed for sample inventories with a confidence interval of 95%. If the error is higher, the difference to 5% must be considered in the project assumptions. This inventory error can be calculated using permanent sample inventories, two-phase inventories, and inventories with synthetic estimators. Other inventory procedures must be able to provide a comparable and traceable accuracy statement. If no inventory data is available and estimation methods are used, the assumptions must be made conservatively so that an overestimation of sink capacity can be ruled out. The standing wood stock is measured in cubic meters of coarse wood, separated by tree species or tree species groups. The standing wood stock in m3 is converted into tCO₂e of living tree biomass using recognised conversion procedures.

Other relevant reservoirs can be accounted for, provided they are recorded with recognised methods and conservatively converted into tCO₂e.

In natural forest reserves, the normal stock is assumed as the initial stock.&#x20

As a rule, national conversion factors are used (see country modules). If no such basis is available, other applicable conversion factors are used, such as REF Guidelines2006V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdf

6.3.4 Determination of utilisation (source)

Wood utilisation is omitted in natural forest reserves. It is therefore omitted.&#x20

6.3.5 Determination of growth (sink)

Growth can be determined in two ways:

1. Growth is derived from successive inventories.

2. Growth is estimated.

In 1. growth is derived from follow-up inventories (stock change method): summarily, two stocks are compared. Utilisation and mortality are taken into account. The difference directly indicates the sink capacity.

In 2. growth is derived from models: Yield table models, or other growth models indicate the productivity by tree species based on the natural site, assuming certain management concepts. Yield table models indicate growth in cubic meters of stock (Vfm) or cubic meters of harvest (Efm). The conversion back to tCO₂e is performed conservatively with recognised factors. For natural forest reserves, the assumptions according to chap. 6.3.6.3.

6.3.6. Quantitative determination of sink capacity

6.3.6.1 Determination of the baseline scenario (Baseline)

The baseline scenario corresponds to the normal stock, which depends on the tree species, productivity, and rotation period. The project scenario can consist of partial scenarios (operational classes, tree species, etc.).&#x20

6.3.6.2 Determination of sink capacity in natural forest reserves (ex-ante/ex-post)

This project type involves the complete abandonment of wood utilisation on a defined area to promote biodiversity and allow all developmental phases of natural forest evolution (natural forest reserve).

The method applies to areas whose owners commit to protecting them in accordance with MCPFE categories 1.1 or 1.2.

International forest protection area types according to MCPFE (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe): &#x20

The following assumptions are made for the calculation of reference development (managed forest) and project development in the natural forest reserve:

Assumption 1: The stock doubles from "normally" managed forest to natural forest.

If corresponding data are available, the calculations are performed as in chap. 6.3 (analogous to IIFM project type) applied. Model assumptions can also be used to determine the sink effect in natural forest reserves. In natural forests, at least twice as much carbon is contained as in managed forests (Ref. 66, referring to Ref. 14, 25, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 67).

Management removes the stock-rich and long-lasting optimal and decay phases from the forest. The decay phase is particularly rich in biodiversity. A forest reserve is always a carbon sink for a certain period of time. The doubling of the biomass stock is shown by Korpel Ref. 14 as well as Prusa Ref. 25 (Table 96, page 555). In sustainably managed forests, growth and utilisation balance each other, while in natural forests, it is growth and decay. Both are dynamic equilibrium states of biomass stock over larger areas, but at very different levels.

This one-time increase in the average biomass stock is defined as a sink project. This is conservative, because in Central Europe, natural forests in wood stock equilibrium continue to store carbon primarily in the soil (Ref. 28). Recent research suggests that ancient forests of the temperate zones remain sinks, even beyond the supposed equilibrium state (Ref. 28, 55). The further accumulation of carbon takes place mainly in the soil. Recent research also shows that the soil carbon content is higher directly under trees than between them, where it is usually measured. This implies a tendency to underestimate soil carbon. In temperate zones, soil carbon on normal sites (conservatively) is roughly equivalent to that of living biomass.&#x20

Assumption 2: The forest type (natural forest community) determines the site quality and the average normal stock.

Recognised model values of stockholding are applied as a reference scenario, such as the mean timber stock of the normal management class, weighted according to sites and derived from yield tables. The project generates the average stock of the natural forest, which is twice as high. The difference is the sink effect in the project's tree biomass. The application of yield tables is conservative, as the yield level of the growth models from the 1960s and 1970s yield tables has significantly increased (up to 40% in spruce, up to 20% in beech Ref. 09). The stock development typically occurs within 40 years. This stock development is distributed linearly over the 40 years.&#x20

The conversions from the standing stock to the tCO₂e are made according to chap. 6.3.6.

Calculation of sink performance in forest reserve ex-ante/ex-post

Stock Change Approach for Ex-ante Calculation of Sink Performance The methodology is fundamentally a stock change approach. An average carbon stock without project is compared with an average carbon stock with project (living tree biomass).

The sink performance is calculated as follows:&#x20

according to Korpel applies (Assumption 1):&#x20

For all i = average site quality, it applies:

They are:

i = site type defined by the site quality and tree species/tree species group